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<br/> Discovery Data Service contains health and care-related data. | |||
<br/> These articles describe the nature of the types of data processed by the data service.<span class="mw_htmlentity"> </span> | |||
In addition to reading these articles, the reader can visit the information model viewer at [x] which enables the entire information model to be explored, including the ontology, the data model, and the various code sets and data sets that have been developed. | |||
| |||
= Overview = | |||
Each main data type is called an entity.<span class="mw_htmlentity"> </span> | |||
The entities described here are derived from health records. A health record consists of a set of "entries", each entry describing either an event that has occurred, an event that might occur, or a state. In addition, entries contain references to external things, often organised into Directories. Thus an entity is either a type of entry or a type of thing that the entry refers to. | |||
The approach to categorising the data types has been heavily influenced by HL7 FHIR. In this approach, entries are roughly categorised according to the type of business process that the entry describes. | |||
Within the full Discovery information model, entity types are semantically defined in an ontology, and the data model supports unlimited but ontologically controlled extensibility. This provides the potential for holding data at any granular level of specialisation. | |||
Only the broad categories are described here, for the purposes of information. The information model itself describes the extent of properties and their values that are supported at a particular point in time.<br/> | |||
<div> | |||
= Generic entities = | |||
</div> | |||
This section deals with entities that are relevant to all parts of the model. | |||
<div> | |||
== <span class="mw-headline" id="Provenance">Provenance</span> == | |||
</div> | |||
Discovery tracks data | |||
Revision as of 14:34, 28 April 2020
Discovery Data Service contains health and care-related data.
These articles describe the nature of the types of data processed by the data service.
In addition to reading these articles, the reader can visit the information model viewer at [x] which enables the entire information model to be explored, including the ontology, the data model, and the various code sets and data sets that have been developed.
Overview
Each main data type is called an entity.
The entities described here are derived from health records. A health record consists of a set of "entries", each entry describing either an event that has occurred, an event that might occur, or a state. In addition, entries contain references to external things, often organised into Directories. Thus an entity is either a type of entry or a type of thing that the entry refers to.
The approach to categorising the data types has been heavily influenced by HL7 FHIR. In this approach, entries are roughly categorised according to the type of business process that the entry describes.
Within the full Discovery information model, entity types are semantically defined in an ontology, and the data model supports unlimited but ontologically controlled extensibility. This provides the potential for holding data at any granular level of specialisation.
Only the broad categories are described here, for the purposes of information. The information model itself describes the extent of properties and their values that are supported at a particular point in time.
Generic entities
This section deals with entities that are relevant to all parts of the model.
Provenance
Discovery tracks data throughout the pipeline including the receipt of the data and the transformation of the data.
Discovery also retains any provenance related information relating to the item as is was originally recorded in the publisher system, including any provenance information that the publisher may have.
Discovery itself, broadly speaking, follows the W3C PROV standard in that it records Entities, activities and agents and any number of relationships between them based on sub-properties of the main W3C provenance relationships. The main entity types and main properties are listed here:
File:C:\users\david\provenance simple
Provenance entity
This is a reference to a stored item of data which is of sufficient importance to require a record of provenance. The data may be a record entry, or in the case of a deleted record, the previous entry. In addition, it may point to messages or files that were stored or created as part of the processing of health data.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Entity type | The type of entity that is the provenance of |
| Entity location | The actual location of the entity which may be a database ID or URL |
Provenance activity
In order to have generated some data, or changed some data, or deleted some data, some form of activity has taken place. This entity holds the nature of the activity that took place and the date and time it took place. Provenance can be illustrated by providing a timeline of all linked activities, operating as a chain going back in time.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Activity type | The type of activity |
| Start time | The date and time the activity started |
| End time | The date and time the activity ended |
Provenance agent
This is a person or thing that performed an activity, or is responsible for an entity. Agents operate in the context of roles, which are represented as properties of the relationship between the agent and the activity.
| <tbody> | ||
| Property | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Agent type | Object property | The type of agent |
| </tbody> |
Main Provenance relationships<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This is a high-level listing of the types of relationships between the provenance objects. An ontology of relationships can be viewed in the information model viewer
| <tbody> | |
| Relationship | Description |
|---|---|
| Derived from | Links an entity to another entity from which it was derived |
| Generated by | Links an entity to the activity that generated it |
| Attributed to | Links an entity to an agent that the entity is attributed to e.g. the author or owner |
| Was associated with | Links an activity to the agent that it was associated with, e.g. who performed it, including the role the agent was performing in |
| Acted on behalf of | Links an agent to the organisation (or other agent) that an agent acted on behalf of |
| </tbody> |
Health Event
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Health Event
A health event is an abstract class referring to an entry that represents something that has happened, or may happen, at a point in time, or over a period of time, related to the health or care or a person.
Individuals organisations devices and locations
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Individuals organisations devices and locations
Most entries are attributed to patients, professionals, their organisations or services, locations or devices. In Discovery there is an attempt to uniquely identify these from the information provided, ideally using standard identifiers but in some cases deducing from names and context. In many cases these may be deduced only at the level of the sending systems by the use of internal identifier matching.
The patient or person demographic
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The patient or person demographic
Throughout the document the word “patient” is used to represent a person who is a user of the health or care service. (It is accepted that within the services themselves, service users may be referred to as patients, clients, service users or other terms)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This data covers the core demographics of the patient and their personal identifiers Whilst the table infers a one to one relationship, there is a one to many relationship between the patient and the related items in nearly all cases. For example the patient may change gender, change name, move home or acquire languages.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Note that in Discovery, a patient is considered as person in a role of patient (or client) in relation to ONE publisher.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>A person is identified as being linked to many patient demographic records. Thus a person is held independently of the patient resulting in a “master person” register<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient / Person<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>NHS Number The NHS number allocated to the patient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Name Name information and title for the patient. Ideally structured as “Family name”, “Given names” (in the correct order of presentation), “prefix” e.g. “Mr”, “Dr” and “suffix” e.g. “Junior”<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Administrative Gender Concept: The administrative Gender of the patient i.e. the gender that they consider themselves to be allocated to. May or not be the genetic or phenotypic gender<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Date of birth Date of birth of the patient, as far as is known<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Death indicator If a patient has died an indicator that they are now dead<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Date of Death If dead and if available, the date of death<mwspan>¶</mwspan>PDS sensitive Flag to indicate whether the patient is marked as sensitive on the spine <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked items<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Address One or more entries including<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Qualified by Concept: address type (e.g. home address)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• The address of the patient relevant to the episode of care.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Status of the address<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• The date the address was valid from<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• The date the address was valid to<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contact potentially used in contacting the patient, each contact qualified by <mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Concept : contact type e.g. home telephone, mobile, email <mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Contact details e.g. email address or telephone number about the patient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Ethnicity Concept: Held in Discovery as an observation about the patient, indication as to the ethnic group the patient is part of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Language Concept : Held in Discovery as an observation about the patient, and qualified by whether the patient speaks the language or is their preferred language. May be several entries as language characteristics change<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked identifiers Identifiers – qualified by identifier type<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked relationships Linked relations
The practitioner in role
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The practitioner in role
This term refers to any person who provides care or is part of the health care process, excluding personally engaged or family carers. <mwspan>¶</mwspan> A practitioner in role means a person providing care in the context of an organisation or service. The same person may have a number of roles across a number of organisations in which case it is expected that several entries may be created. This may be inferred by Discovery<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Practitioner<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Name Name information and title for the practitioner. Ideally structured as “Family name”, “Given names” (in the correct order of presentation), “prefix” e.g. “Mr”, “Dr” and “suffix” e.g. “Junior”<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Gender Concept : The administrative Gender of the practitioner i.e. the gender that they consider themselves to be allocated to. May or not be the genetic or phenotypic gender<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Date of birth Date of birth of the patient, as far as is known<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Address Qualified by concept : address type (e.g. work address)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>The address of the practitioner relevant to the role<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Active/ Inactive An indication of whether the practitioner is active in the role or not<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Service or organisation The service or organisation that the practitioner is operating in relation to a particular role<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Role type Concept : The type of role e.g. Doctor, nurse, receptionist, secretary that the practitioner operates as in this role<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Speciality Concept: The speciality of the practitioner (e.g. Cardiologist) <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contract period Start and end dates of contract with the organisation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked items<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contact potentially used in contacting the practitioner. Each contact qualified by <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Concept : contact type e.g. home telephone, mobile, email <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contact details e.g. address or telephone number about the patient to be <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Identifiers Identifiers qualified by identifier type and code
Family and kin Relationships
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Family and kin Relationships
Patients are related to other people via a variety of relationships, some of which may be genetic and others not. Relationships may also include carer relationships or next of kin.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Relationships (inherits attribution)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Related person information Information about the target person which may include Name, address, contact details<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Relationship type Concept: Relationship with source. May be a family relationship e.g. Father and may be qualified by genetic relationship. May be a relationship such as a carer or next of kin.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Status of relationship<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Related in Discovery Whether the related person is in Discovery or not<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Related patient Target may be a person in the Discovery Data service
Related person
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Related person
A related person may not be a patient in the Discovery service in which case the details of that person would be held independently<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Related person<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Name Name of related person<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Address Address of related person<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contact Contact details of related person<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Family and kin relationships Information about the patient and the relationship typ<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Identifiers Identifiers of the related person (e.g. NHS number)
Device
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Device
In the context of Discovery a device is normally used to relate to the entry of a record or in relation to its use in a procedure or operation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Devices are categorised and full defined via the information model relationships. Thus each device represents an instance of a kind of device defined in the information model <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Device<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Device Name Device name<mwspan>¶</mwspan>UDI human readable Human readable bar code identifier<mwspan>¶</mwspan>UDI machine readable Machine readable bar code<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Manufacturer Manufacturer of device e.g. business organisation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Serial number Serial number of device<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Device type Concept: for the nature of the device e.g. cardiac pacemaker<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This may be at any level of granularity as the information model uses additional attributes to fully define the device<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Device version Version of the device (e.g. software version if the device is software)
Organisations departments and services
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Organisations departments and services
In Discovery, these concepts are amalgamated into a single structure and the entities are differentiated via the category and the relationships with the other entities as described below. In many cases the relationships will be inferred by Discovery from the nature of the information transmitted. There is no expectation that publishers are required to populate the relationships.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation or service<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation identifier The nationally provided identifier or “ODS” code for the organisation or service if it exists<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Name Name of the organisation or service<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Address The address of the organisation or service<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contact details Main contact for the service itself e.g. main telephone number<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation/ service category Whether this is an organisation (e.g. Barts NHS Trust, Roya London Hospital) or a service e.g. Barts physiotherapy service or cardiology department<mwspan>¶</mwspan>May be deduced when populating the organisational structures and relationships<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Speciality The speciality of the service e.g. Cardiology<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked Organisation A set of relationships between one organisational service entity and another each consisting of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• A relationship type such as “part of” or “provided by” e.g. Royal London Hospital is “part of”<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• A target organisation e.g. “Barts NHS Health Trust”<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Used to populate the organisational structures in the information model<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contacts Contact details for a person or team or department associated with the organisation consisting of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Name<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Contact details<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location Locations associated with the organisation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Identifiers Other organisational identifiers
Location
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Location
Information about an actual location, building or entity that is related to the organisation that operates from it <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location identifier The nationally provided identifier for a location<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Name Name of the location<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Address The address of the organisation or service<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location Type Concept: Describes the location in the context of its purpose e.g. a ward or Branch surgery, a mobile MRI scanning unit. Note that the service may hold the information about what the location is used for rather than the location <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation A set of relationships between one organisational service and location consisting of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Contacts Contact details for a person or team or department associated with the location e,g, building maintenance, consisting of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Name<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Contact details
Team
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Team
Teams are named groups of individuals that are linked to one or more services
Team<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Team name Name of the team<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation or services The services or organisations this team reports to<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Team members Practitioners that are part of the team
Health event subtypes
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Health event subtypes
This section covers events that describe various health or care events, most but not all relating to a patient.
Patient event
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Patient event
A patient event is a subtype of care event relating to a patient and usually recorded in the context of an encounter, a section within an encounter, or as part of another event
Patient event (inherits health event)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Subject The patient to whom this event relates.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Note that a patient is considered as an individual person in the role of patient with respect of the organisation.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>There is no requirement to resolve common person identity in published data<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Part of An event that this event might be part of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Encounter An encounter that this event might be part of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>In section The section of the encounter that this event is placed in<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Part of problem The problem which this event may be linked to
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Episode of care
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Episode of care
A care episode is an association between a patient and a healthcare provider during which time care is provided. The association implies that the provider has some responsibility for the provision of care during the period of time covered by the episode.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>A care episode may be a concept that is explicitly stated. For example, GP registration is an explicit process by which the patient registers for care and in due course may be de-registered when they move elsewhere.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>A care episode may otherwise be deduced from the data provided , usually relating to encounters. For example the acceptance of a referral or the attendance at accident and emergency provide episode of care start points. Discharge from an outpatient clinical may be used to deduce the end of a care episode.
Care Episode (inherits patient event)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Nature or type of episode A concept that describes the nature of the episode from a terminology set or ad-hoc information provided by publisher and mapped to a concept<mwspan>¶</mwspan>May be inferred or derived from structured entry<mwspan>¶</mwspan>For example, a GP regular GMS patient or a temporary resident<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Whether currently active (i.e. no end date) or inactive<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Initiating Referral A Link to the originating referral, whether self-referred, ambulance, GP referral etc. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>May be inferred from encounter information e.g. referral accepted, emergency admission<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Care episode Administration One or more links to care episode or registration administration processes that occur during the period of the care episode<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked Entries All encounters and many other entries may be linked to the care episode
General practice registration
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General practice registration
General practice does not consider their patients to be related to a particular episode of care. Thus a variation on care episode is designed for GP patients.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This deals with the administration of patient reception and registration in the context of General practice. This is particularly formal in respect of GP practice registration. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>General practice registration <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Status of registration or care episode processing<mwspan>¶</mwspan>e.g. registration submitted, notification of registration, deduction received, deducted <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status sub-type Granular subtypes of the status e.g. “death”, “embarkation” or “armed forces” when patient is deducted<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient type Type of patient from the perspective of administration e.g. GMS patient, temporary resident
Encounter
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Encounter
An encounter is an interaction between a patient and healthcare provider for the purpose of providing care, including assessment of care needs. Encounters are the mainstay of care provision and the concept covers encounters in any care domain. For example a GP consultation is an encounter and an in-patient stay is an encounter.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Encounters are often defined according to the publisher’s definition or even the nature of the IT system in use.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>In Discovery an encounter model is a superset of the different encounter models from the different domains and systems. The different patterns are differentiated by the use of Encounter types or archetypes.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>For example, a spell in hospital would be considered an encounter. The admission event is also considered an encounter, subsidiary to the spell encounter, as a discharge would be.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Similarly an accident and emergency attendance may have a subsidiary encounter for the initial assessment.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>The additional properties relating to encounter types (e.g. method of admission, critical care function type) etc, are considered as non-core and are referenced via the information model concepts. Each property type has a concept and each value class is considered concept. Consequently these are not specified in this document but are available via the ontology.
Encounter: (inherits patient event)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Encounter Type The overall nature of the encounter mapped to the encounter type ontology<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Completion Status Concept: Status of encounter when this event is sent. It may be completed or ongoing or planne. In some systems encounters are created before they commence<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End Date/ time Date time encounter ended<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Duration In the absence of an explicit start and end time, the duration may be estimated<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Providing Organisation/ services or departments Additional department and/ or services that define the encounter more fully than the main organisation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>An entry may have a main organisation of Royal London, but the encounter may take place in the Royal London A&E department<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location Actual location of the encounter e.g. a physical building, wing , ward, or room or bed In most cases this may not be known (as the organisation itself implies a location)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>For example a branch surgery of a GP practice or bed 1, Ward 10 <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked appointment The appointment to which the encounter may be related<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Subsidiary of An encounter that the encounter may be part of or sub<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked care episode The care episode the encounter is linked to.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Additional Practitioners Additional practitioners other than the main attributed practitioner involved in the encounter
Context Headings or sections in encounters
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Context Headings or sections in encounters
A heading is grouping construct that segregates clinical entries within an encounter, episode or a document such as a care plan for establishing human inferred context. Their presence is primarily for the purpose of display and context inference and represent the headings entered via a clinical or care planning system e.g. a form template or consultation.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>As a heading is a simple text structure label there is no requirement for attribution as it is assumed that attribution is shared with the parent encounter<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Section<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Heading type Concept: for the heading<mwspan>¶</mwspan>e.g.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Clinician entry/ Examination/ CVS Examination<mwspan>¶</mwspan>CDS Entry/ Primary Diagnosis<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Clinician entry/ Past procedures<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Parent heading Link to the parent heading<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Order Order of heading in relation to its parent for display purposes<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked encounter The encounter that contains the heading
Referral Request or procedure request
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Referral Request or procedure request
A referral request or (procedure request) includes request for advice or invitation to participate in care and is not limited to conventional referrals. A referral request often precedes the encounter or care transfer that occurs subsequently. Furthermore a referral request may accompany a care transfer e.g. a request for input from a community health professional during the discharge process. The referral type is considered as the core observation concept <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Referral inherits attribution<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Referral request : inherits patient event<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Priority Concept: Priority of referral request<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Referred by type Concept: The type of source the transfer originated as e.g. self referral, healthcare professional referral<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Source organisation Sender service or organisation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Speciality requested Concept: the speciality of the referral request<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Procedure or Service type requested Concept: If available, the nature of the service requested e.g. Nephrology, chest xray<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Request Reason e.g. The clinical condition or problem that is reason for referral<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Recipient service or organisation The referral recipient organisation or service e.g. hospital or department<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Recipient location Location of the recipient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Recipient practitioner If referred to a person, the practitioner<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Referral UBRN Unique referral booking number<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Referral mode Concept: Means of referral e.g. Verbal, written, ERS<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked episode Linked care episode for which this is the originating referrals
Appointment session
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Appointment session
An appointment session is an appointment grouping implying a session or a clinic, which incorporates a number of appointments<mwspan>¶</mwspan>In the Discovery model, all appointments are linked to a schedule (whether a schedule pre-authored or not) i.e. a standalone appointment would have one schedule for the stand alone appointment<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment schedule : inherits attribution<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Organisation or service Organisation or service responsible for this schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Location Location for the schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Schedule type Concept: for the type of schedule e.g. diabetic review<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Schedule description Textual description of the schedule e.g. Dr Jone’s acupuncture clinic<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Speciality Speciality associated with the schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Start date/ time Planned start date/ time of schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End date/time End date time of schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked appointment slots Linked appointments to the schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Practitioners Practitioners linked to this schedule
Appointment
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Appointment
This is information about a particular appointment or slot as planned. The slot creation shares attribution with the schedule<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment category Concept: describing what type of appointment in terms of routine, urgent etc<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Planned Reason Concept: of reason for appointment from the appointment planning perspective <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Description Any text description for the appointment slot<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Start time Start date and time of slot<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End time End date and time of slot<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Planned duration Planned duration of appointment (may or may not be timed)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient Patient booked into the slot<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Slot booking status Whether booked, reserved, free<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Attendance status Whether the patient arrived, sent for, left<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Booking urgency Indication as to whether it was booked as an urgent appointment (whether the appointment was marked as urgent or not<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Interaction type Whether face to face, telephone, skype etc<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked schedule Links to the schedule containing the appointment<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Booking history<mwspan>¶</mwspan> Links to booking history including<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Booked :cancelled<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Date and Time of booking<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Attendance history Links to the attendance status history
Appointment booking history
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Appointment booking history
Information about booking and unbooking of an actual appointment prior to the patient attending<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Date and time of booking and by whom are attributed in attribution fields.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>The latest entry represents the information prior to the patient arriving or appointment attendance<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment booking: inherits attribution<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Booking or cancellation Whether this is a booking or a cancellation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient Patient booked into slot<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Booking urgency Whether the appointment was urgent (whether or not reserved as an urgent slot)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient related reason Reason for appointment from patient’s perspective (i.e. if booked)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Interaction type The actual interaction type when booked (e.g. telephone)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment slot Link to the appointment slot
Appointment attendance history
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Appointment attendance history
Historical Information about an actual attendance for a patient for an appointment i.e. after the patient has arrived for appointment<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment attendance history<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Concept: the status e.g. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Patient Patient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>start time The actual start time of this status<mwspan>¶</mwspan>end time The actual end time of this status<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Actual duration The actual duration of the appointment<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Actual interaction type Nature of the actual interaction<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Appointment slot Links to the appointment slot
Care plan
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Care plan
In the context of Discovery a care plan is a relatively simple data subset of a complex document structure for the purposes of tracking and analysis. There is no attempt to precisely define a care plan beyond the simple data items listed here<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Care plan : inherits attribution<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Document Status Whether the plan is draft, active, no longer active<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Type of plan Concept: for the type of care plan. For example, Asthma action plan, Cancer management plan<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Description Description of plan<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Time period The start and end date or period of the plan (the start date may precede the effective date)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked Headings Heading categorised, Activities, goals targets, observations linked to the plan<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked episodes Care episodes linked to the plan<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Parent plan Care plans this plan is part of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Associated practitioners Additional practitioners or teams associated with the plan<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Associated teams Links to teams associated with plan <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked activities Links to care activities
Care plan activities<mwspan>¶</mwspan>These are modelled as observation types such as <mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Activity<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Goal<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Target
Clinical health events
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Clinical health events
This section covers data about the patient that is generally considered “clinical” either observed characteristics of the patient or clinical procedures or measurements that have been carried out.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>In the Discovery model clinical data is modelled around observations i.e. different types of clinical characteristics inherit from simple observations.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Care records are usually structured according to a series of sections or “headings” a standard having been established by the PRSB. This enables records to be viewed as documents although the headings have no inherent meaning in themselves.
Observation
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Observation
An observation is considered a type of health event that records some characteristic of the patient or some procedure performed on the patient, excluding the specialised events such as medication.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>An observation in Discovery is much broader than an observation in FHIR. Because observations may be highly specialised, like encounters, only the generic properties are illustrated in this document. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>The type of observation is deduced from the observation concept itself. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observations may be linked at any level of nesting. In particular, tests and concept results observations are considered as 2 separate but linked observations, one for the test, the other for the result. This varies the Discovery observation model from the FHIR model that includes both test and result in the same observation.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>For example, a blood pressure would be modelled as 3 observations as follows:<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observation 1 Blood pressure<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observation 2 Systolic blood pressure value= 120, part of observation 1<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observation 3 Diastolic blood pressure value= 80, part of observation 2
Simple observation
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Simple observation
A simple observation is the root for most clinical entries about a patient, ranging from a piece of text or codeable concept including an advanced Snomed expression. Observations may be specialised by purpose (e.g. observation, target, goal, aim, Various specialised observations such as allergies, numeric values, family history, immunisations, reports, documents and referrals extend the simple observation mode <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observations can be standalone or exist within a collection of observations with a parent observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Simple Observation : inherits patient event<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observation type Concept: Nature of the observation, including whether this is a sub-type entry (described elsewhere) or categorisation within the observation type itself e.g. sign, symptom, aim, target, goal , test header, or specialist type e.g. blood pressure. Equivalent to an archetype<mwspan>¶</mwspan>It is inferred by the code within the observation, however it is modelled separately as it drives business logic<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Prompt Text representing a prompt on a form to which the observation represents the nature of the response to the prompt<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This should not be confused with a parent observation such as a test order which has this observation as a test result,<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Description Text entry for the observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Is problem Whether the observation is part of the problem definition<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Problem episode Concept: Whether the observation is new or a review of a problem or other specialist episode e.g. flare, evolved from<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Normality A flag indicating whether the observation is marked as abormal (e.g. ABN, HI,LOQ)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked problems The problems the observation may be linked to including<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Concept : Nature of link e.g. evolved from<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Problem <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Flag Any flags associated with the entry
Numeric observation
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Numeric observation
One of the commonest observations are pathology results and they often have numeric values as results. They extend simple observations<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Numeric Observation : inherits simple observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Operator Operator associated with the value e.g. < or > or =Value Numeric value of result <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Range (s) List of qualified range each consisting of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Range qualifier (e.g. normal, normal for males)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Lower limit<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Upper limit<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Units Concept : Units of measurements
Date time observation
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Date time observation
A less common observation is one where the result value is a date.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Numeric Observation : inherits simple observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Result date Date time of the observation eg. Expected date of delivery or date of last period.
Procedure
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Procedure
Procedure provides more information beyond a simple observation about an operation or observation relating to the outcome of the procedure.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Within Discovery, unlike FHIR a complex procedure description (that includes body site, laterality, method and nature of device) is represented by a Snomed expression in the observation concept. <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Procedure: inherits simple observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Performed period Period of time the procedure took<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End time Date and Time procedure ended <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Outcome Concept: Outcome of procedure<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Complications Links to complication observation entries<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Follow ups Links to care plan follow up entries<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked problems Links to the observation reasons for procedure<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Devices used List of devices used in the procedure qualified by “main device” or “used device”
Allergy, intolerance and adverse reaction
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Allergy, intolerance and adverse reaction
Allergies, intolerances and adverse substance reactions are grouped together and are extensions of simple observations whereby the simple observation code includes the full concept of the allergy e.g. “allergy to penicillin”<mwspan>¶</mwspan>The additional data relates to more specific information about the substance and reaction.
Allergy : inherits simple observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Whether active or inactive<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End date Date allergy became inactive<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Substance Concept: indicating the substance that created the adverse reaction or allergy<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Manifestation Concept: indicating the nature of the reaction e.g. rash, anaphylactic shock<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Manifestation description More detail about the manifestation <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Severity Severity of the reaction or allergy<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Observations Observations associated with the allergic reaction
Immunisation
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Immunisation
Immunisation extends a simple observation by providing more information about the immunisation procedure and vaccine used.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This is a summary of immunisation, (expected to be extended)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Immunisation : inherits simple observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description
Manufacturer Manufacturer of vaccine<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Batch number Batch number of vaccine<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Expiry date Expiry data of vaccine<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Vaccine product Concept: of the actual vaccine product<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Dose sequence Number within a sequence (may be deduced)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Doses required Number of recommended doses in series<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Reaction Link to observation describing reaction to immunisation
Problem
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Problem
Problem is a patient and record management construct designed to help manage care. The main purposes of problem structures are to highlight significant issues and to group entries in the record to enable a narrative view categorised by a focus of care. In different care domains different terms are used such as “problem”, “issue” or “need” but from a structural perspective they are the same.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>A problem is always associated with at least one observation and therefore automatically shares its attribution.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Problem<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Problem type Concept: for the term that the healthcare worker assigns to this construct e.g. Problem. Issue, need<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Terminological construct for the status, whether active inactive, dormant<mwspan>¶</mwspan>End Date Time Date and time problem ended<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Significance Significance assigned to the problem by a user. May be inferred from a knowledge base<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Anticipated duration Whether likely to be temporary permanent, or duration<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Parent problem A problem that this is a child of<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Defining observations<mwspan>¶</mwspan> Observations that form the title of the problem<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked entries Entries in the care record linked to this problem, e.g. encounters, observations`
Medication statement
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Medication statement
Medication statement entries are templates for describing and authorising a course of medication or an intention to prescribe. Medication entries are precursors to the prescribing of a drug (medication order), dispensing of a drug (e.g. chemist) or the administration of a drug (e.g. medicine administration by nurse).<mwspan>¶</mwspan>In General practice, acute prescriptions are based on medication entries with a single authorisation and repeat medications are based on medication entries with multiple authorisations. In hospital, the drug chart contains the medications.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication statement: inherits patient event<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Whether active or past (inactive)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication Concept: for the drug or appliance.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This may be an actual medicinal product, a virtual medicinal product or a virtual therapeutic moiety<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Dosage May be a free text dosage (one three times a day, or a structured dose concept including:<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration times e.g. 10 am 6 pm)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Either<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration quantity e.g. 2<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration units e.g. capsules<mwspan>¶</mwspan>And.or<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• drug quantity per administration e.g. 250<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• drug quantity units e.g. mg
Order Quantity – number of units Quantity and units For the ensuing prescription order Number of tablets or capsules for the course e.g. 28, 1 <mwspan>¶</mwspan>Course type Whether a repeat, acute , automatic repeat, repeat dispensing<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Number repeats authorised Number of prescriptions authorised as a repeat before medication review required e.g. 6<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication review Review date for this particular medication<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Prescription duration Anticipated Duration of each prescription e.g. 28<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Prescription duration units Duration units for prescription e.g. days<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Additional instructions Additional instructions to the patient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Pharmacy instructions Additional instructions to the pharmacist<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Order in heading Order within the heading in encounter<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Management authority Nature of the domain organisation that manages the administration of this medication e.g. hospital only<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Originated by Domain type that originated this medication e.g. Hospital<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Reason for ending Textual or concept reason the medication was ended <mwspan>¶</mwspan>End date time Date and time medication was ended<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links
Medication order
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Medication order
A medication order is the actual prescription for a medication item. It represents the instance of the order derived from the medication statement. It inherits MOST fields from medication and has some additional items. However, field values for the order may be different from the field values of the medication statement so they are repeated for clarity<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication order : inherits patient event<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Heading Context heading for entry<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Whether active or past (inactive)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication Concept: for the drug or appliance.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>This may be an actual medicinal product (e.g. Ventolin HFA 200 mcg inhaler), a virtual medicinal product (e.g. a generic - salbutamol 200 mg inhaler) or a virtual therapeutic moiety (e.g. salbutamol 200 mg inhalation)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Dosage May be a free text dosage (one three times a day)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>or a structured dose concept including:<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration times e.g. 10 am 6 pm)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Either<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration quantity e.g. 2<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• administration units e.g. capsules<mwspan>¶</mwspan>And.or<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• drug quantity per administration e.g. 250<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• drug quantity units e.g. mg
Order Quantity – number of units For the ensuing prescription order Number of tablets or capsules for the course e.g. 28, 1<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Order Quantity- units Unit concept for course e.g. (28)- capsules, (1) inhaler<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Course type Whether a repeat, acute , automatic repeat, repeat dispensing<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Number from authorised count Number of the prescription as compared to the authorised number in the linked medication (e.g. 2/6)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Prescription duration Anticipated Duration of each prescription e.g. 28<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Prescription duration units Duration units for prescription e.g. days<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Additional instructions Additional instructions to the patient<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Pharmacy instructions Additional instructions to the pharmacist<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Order in heading Order within the heading in encounter if noted in the encounter<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links
Document
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Document
Used to provide the content of a document A medication order is the actual prescription for a medication item. It represents the instance of the order derived from the medication statement. It inherits MOST fields from medication and has some additional items. However, field values for the order may be different from the field values of the medication statement so they are repeated for clarity<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Medication : inherits attribution<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Document Type Concept or Text: Type of document<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Document content Text representation of content<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Encounter Encounter linked to this observation<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Heading The heading in which the observation took place<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked medication Links to medication that was used as the template
Flag
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Flag
A flag is a warning or notification of some sort presented to the user - who may be a clinician or some other person involve in patient care. It usually represents something of sufficient significance to be warrant a special display of some sort - rather than just a note in an entry<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Flag<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Field Description<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Status Status of flag (active, inactive)<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Flag category Concept: Nature of flag for example<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Flags related to the subject's dietary needs.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>• Flags related to the patient's medications.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Used in business logic to determine when the flag is displayed<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Flag type Concept: to describe the flag e.g.<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Do not stop taking this medication without professional advice<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Text Alert text<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Links<mwspan>¶</mwspan>Linked entry Entry to which the alert relates